C和指针

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2022-02-04

摘要: 《C和指针》笔记，共 56 页。

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基础

ANSI C 相比 K&R C 的变化
white space(空白符)
trigraphs(三字母词)
escape sequence(转义序列)
C Keywords(保留字)
Basic data type(基本数据类型)
integer(整型)
literal(字面值)
Enumerated type(枚举类型)
Float-Point type(浮点型)
pointer(指针)
string(字符串)
typedef
const
scope(作用域)
- block scope
- file scope
- prototype scope
- function scope
Linkage(链接)
- 3 types
  - none
  - internal
  - external
- static
- extern
Storage Class(内存变量的存储类型)
- 3 个位置
  - ordinary memory
  - runtime stack
  - hardware register
变量定义位置
- 定义在 block 外 -> static memory
- 定义在 block 内 -> stack
register keyword
initialization(初始化)
Statement
Operator
- arithmetic
- shifting
- bitwise
- assignment
- compound assignment
- Unary
- sizeof
- (type)
- ++, —
- relational
- logical
- conditional
- comma
- subscript
- function call
- structure member
boolean value
L-value, R-value
implicit type conversion
Arithmetic conversion
Pointer(指针)
address vs contents
pointer constant
pointer to pointer
pointer expression
pointer arithmetic
function
prototype
argument
ADT
recursion
variable argument list
array
subscript
declaring array parameter(声明数组参数)
array initialize
Multidimensional arrays
- subscript
- as function argument
- initialize
automatic sizing
array of pointer

ANSI C 相比 K&R C 的变化

white space(空白符)
trigraphs(三字母词)
escape sequence(转义序列)

C Keywords(保留字)
Basic data type(基本数据类型)
integer(整型)

literal(字面值)
Enumerated type(枚举类型)

Float-Point type(浮点型)
pointer(指针)
string(字符串)
typedef
const

scope(作用域)
- block scope
- file scope
- prototype scope
- function scope

Linkage(链接)
- 3 types
  - none
  - internal
  - external
- static
- extern
Storage Class(内存变量的存储类型)
- 3 个位置
  - ordinary memory
  - runtime stack
  - hardware register
变量定义位置
- 定义在 block 外 -> static memory
- 定义在 block 内 -> stack

register keyword
initialization(初始化)

Statement

Operator
- arithmetic
- shifting
- bitwise
- assignment
- compound assignment
- Unary
- sizeof
- (type)
- ++, —
- relational
- logical
- conditional
- comma
- subscript
- function call
- structure member

boolean value
L-value, R-value
implicit type conversion
Arithmetic conversion

Pointer(指针)
address vs contents

pointer constant
pointer to pointer
pointer expression

pointer arithmetic

function
prototype

argument
ADT
recursion

variable argument list

array
subscript

declaring array parameter(声明数组参数)
array initialize
Multidimensional arrays
- subscript
- as function argument
- initialize
automatic sizing
array of pointer

String, Character, Bytes

string length
- strlen
unrestricted string function
- strcpy
- strcat
- strcmp
length-restricted string function
- strncpy
- strncat
- strncmp
basic string search
- find a character
  - strchr
  - strrchr
  - strpbrk
- find a substring
  - strstr
- find prefixes
  - strspn
  - strcspn
- find tokens
  - strtok
character operation
- iscntrc
- isspace
- isdigit
- isxdigit
- islower
- isupper
- isalpha
- isalnum
- ispunct
- isgraph
- isprint
- tolower
- toupper
memory operation
- memcpy
- memmove
- memcmp
- memchr
- memset
Structure
- struct
- typedef struct
bit field(位域)
Union
dynamic memory allocation
- malloc
- free
- calloc
- realloc
advanced pointer topics
pointer to function(函数指针)
callback function(传递函数指针)
Jump table(函数指针的数组)
String literal(是一个指针)
the preprocessor
Macro(宏)
- #define
- #undef
contitional compilation
- #if, #elif, #else, #endif
- #ifdef, #ifndef
file inclusion
- library include #include <...>
- local include: #include "..."
other
- #error
- #line
- #progma
#progma para
IO function
- perror
- exit
ANSI IO
- stream
- FILEs
- standard IO constants
opening stream
- fopen
- freopen
- fclose
Character IO
- fgetc
- getc
- getchar
- fputc
- putc
- putchar
- ungetc
unformatted line IO
- fgets
- gets
- fputs
- puts
formatted line IO — scanf family
- fscanf
- scanf
- sscanf
- format code
formatted line IO — printf family
- fprintf
- printf
- sprintf
- format code
binary IO
- fread
- fwrite
flushing and seeking function
- fflush
- ftell
- fseek
- rewind
- fgetpos
- fputpos
changing the buffer
- setbuf
- setvbuf
stream error function
- feof
- ferror
- clearerr
Temporary files
- tmpfile
- tmpram
- remove
- rename

string length
- strlen
unrestricted string function
- strcpy
- strcat
- strcmp

length-restricted string function
- strncpy
- strncat
- strncmp

basic string search
- find a character
  - strchr
  - strrchr
  - strpbrk
- find a substring
  - strstr
- find prefixes
  - strspn
  - strcspn
- find tokens
  - strtok
character operation
- iscntrc
- isspace
- isdigit
- isxdigit
- islower
- isupper
- isalpha
- isalnum
- ispunct
- isgraph
- isprint
- tolower
- toupper

memory operation
- memcpy
- memmove
- memcmp
- memchr
- memset

Structure
- struct
- typedef struct

bit field(位域)

Union

dynamic memory allocation
- malloc
- free
- calloc
- realloc
advanced pointer topics
pointer to function(函数指针)

callback function(传递函数指针)
Jump table(函数指针的数组)
String literal(是一个指针)
the preprocessor

Macro(宏)
- #define
- #undef

contitional compilation
- #if, #elif, #else, #endif
- #ifdef, #ifndef
file inclusion
- library include #include <...>
- local include: #include "..."
other
- #error
- #line
- #progma

#progma para

IO function
- perror
- exit
ANSI IO
- stream
- FILEs
- standard IO constants

opening stream
- fopen
- freopen
- fclose

Character IO
- fgetc
- getc
- getchar
- fputc
- putc
- putchar
- ungetc

unformatted line IO
- fgets
- gets
- fputs
- puts
formatted line IO — scanf family
- fscanf
- scanf
- sscanf
- format code

formatted line IO — printf family
- fprintf
- printf
- sprintf
- format code

binary IO
- fread
- fwrite

flushing and seeking function
- fflush
- ftell
- fseek
- rewind
- fgetpos
- fputpos

changing the buffer
- setbuf
- setvbuf

stream error function
- feof
- ferror
- clearerr
Temporary files
- tmpfile
- tmpram
- remove
- rename

Standard library

Integer function
- abs, labs
- div, ldiv
Random number
- rand
- srand
string conversion
- atoi, atol
- strtol
floating-point function
- 三角函数
- 反三角函数
- 双曲三角函数
- 指数函数, 对数函数
floating-point representation
- frexp
- ldexp
- modf
power
- pow
- sqrt
other
- floor
- ceil
- fabs
- fmod
string conversion
- atof
- strted
date and time function
- processor time: clock
- time of day: time, ctime, difftime, gmtime, localtime
tm’s fields
asctime
strftime
nonlocal jumps
signals
- signal name defined by standard
  - SIGABRT
  - SIGFPE
  - SIGILL
  - SIGSEGV
  - SIGINT
  - SIGTERM
- processing signal
  - raise
  - signal
- signal handler
print variable argument
- vprintf
- vfprintf
- vsprintf
execution environment
- abort
- atexit
- exit
- assert
- getenv
- system
sorting and searching
- qsort
- bsearch
locales
- setlocale
setlocale categories
Numeric and monetary formatting
- localeconv
string and locale
- strcoll
- strxfrm